Electronics Area – Electrical and Electronics Tutorials and Circuits
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Electrical and Electronics Tutorials and Circuits
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kWh – Cost of Electric Energy
The unit of measurement used in the electricity bill is the kWh, however in the electrical or electronic products that we buy in stores, the unit of electricity consumption is given in watts or kilowatts.
Power Factor (PF) Definition and Formulas
Power factor is the ratio between the energy that is converted into work and the electrical energy consumed in a circuit or device
UJT – Unijunction Transistor – Equivalent model & circuit
UJT or Unijunction transistor
The UJT or Unijunction transistor is constituted by two polluted regions, with three external terminals: two bases and one emitter.
What is a Phototransistor? – Phototransistor Equivalent Circuit
A phototransistor is essentially the same as a common transistor, but it can work in two different ways:
– As a common transistor, using the base current (IB)
– As a phototransistor, using the light that illuminates this element and that acts as the base current. (IP).
DC motor speed controller circuit using a 555 timer.
This simple DC motor speed controller circuit works at 12 volts and controls a DC motor using a 555 integrated circuit.
400 Watt Stereo Amplifier Circuit with STK4050
This 400 watt stereo amplifier circuit uses the Sanyo STK4050 hybrid IC, a high quality low noise amplifier. Its maximum output power is 200W per channel
Fridge Door Alarm Circuit
Refrigerator door alarm circuit with two 555 timers
This refrigerator door alarm circuit alerts you when the door has been left open. Very important, because the power consumption increases when this happends. It uses the popular 555 timer IC
Zener diode – Basic Operation – Applications
The Zener diode is a special type of diode that allows the flow of current on the opposite direction of the arrow of the diode. This diode does not conduct until the applied voltage reaches or is greater of the breakdown voltage. Zener diode is very popular as Voltage reference element.
Tone generator using two 555 timers
This circuit uses the well-known 555 integrated circuits to generate a range of sounds that are heard through a small loudspeaker.
Water level controller circuit using CD4001
This water level controller circuit controls the water level in a tank. Unlike mechanical controls that use a floating buoy, this circuit uses two sensors, an upper sensor and a lower sensor
Fuel Pump Cut-off Circuit
Fuel Pump Cut-off Circuit
Fuel pump cut-off circuit for the car prevents the activation of the pump. Useful to increase the security level of a car which already has an alarm installed
Audio Level Indicator Circuit Diagram using LM339
This audio level indicator circuit is very interesting because it allows us to visualize the audio level intensity by connecting this circuit to the input of a loudspeaker.