NOR gate

NOR Logic gate – Truth Table, equivalent circuit. It can be implemented with the concatenation of an OR gate and a NOT gate.

Power Supply block Diagram

Many electronic circuits need a direct current (DC) voltage source, but what we commonly find are voltage sources of alternating current (AC). In order to achieve a direct current voltage source, the alternating current input must follow a conversion process.

Measuring Low Resistances

There are special cases of measuring low resistances, where the value of the component to be measured is too small and the direct measurement using a multimeter / tester is not practical.

The Core-laminated Transformer – Why is a Transformer Core-laminated?

Why it is not possible to use a solid iron core instead of core-laminated? What is Eddy or Foucault’s currents?

The hexadecimal numbering system (base-16)

This numbering system is mainly used to simplify the representation of binary numbers and for the digital handling of colors.

Universal Electric Motor – Constitution, Operation, Speed

The universal electric motor is so named because it is the only motor that can be connected to both alternating current and direct current.

How to Measure Beta of a Transistor? (β / hfe of transistor)

The beta (β) is a characteristic of each transistor. This feature is found in the NTE, ECG manuals, etc. These manuals have a minimum or approximate values of the real values. This means that we do not know the real value of the transistor.

Transformerless Power Supply circuit

This circuit is designed to be connected to a specific circuit because it can give a maximum and minimum possible electric current

Transistorized Voltage Regulator Why use a transistorized voltage regulator? If we use a half or a full-wave rectifier we can convert an AC voltage in a DC one. This converted voltage is unregulated, because the output voltage is not constant and can change due to variations of the load value. To reduce these variations we connect […]

Current Limiter for Voltage Regulator using Transistor

If the current required in the load exceeds the maximum allowed, the voltage regulator can be damaged. To avoid this problem it is necessary to have over current protection.

What is the Dielectric constant / Relative Permittivity? (Capacitor)

The dielectric constant is the ratio of the permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of free space. It is a dimensionless physical constant

Ohm’s Law explanation

Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistance and directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit.