Voltage sources, whether batteries, generators, etc., are not ideal (perfect). A real voltage source is composed of an ideal voltage source in series with a resistance called internal resistance.

Current Limiter circuit for a Power Supply using a transistor and a resistor.

If the load current exceeds its maximum, an over current protection is needed

Many electronic circuits need a direct current (DC) voltage source, but what we commonly find are voltage sources of alternating current (AC). In order to achieve a direct current voltage source, the alternating current input must follow a conversion process.

This circuit is designed to connect to a specific circuit because it can only provide a maximum and minimum current.

Explanation of a transistorized voltage regulator. Zener diode and transistor voltage regulator circuit diagram

Design method. Determination of the voltage, power of the zener diode and of the limiting resistor Rs

Voltage regulators (linear, switching) provide a stable and fixed voltage output to give energy to electronics circuits from an unregulated power source

The half-wave rectifier rectification process. Polarization of semiconductor diode in the forward and in the reverse direction. Input and output waveforms

This full wave rectifier requires a center tapped transformer. This additional end on the secondary winding of the transformer divides the voltage in this winding into two equal voltages. The additional end is grounded.

Types of cells / batteries. Primary batteries (non-rechargeable): Dry, mercury, alkaline. Secondary batteries (rechargeable): Nickel-Cadmium Alkaline, Lead

Electric batteries, by means of a chemical reaction, produce the following: At its negative terminal, there are a lot of electrons (negatively charged), and at its positive terminal, there is a lack of electrons (negatively charged).