How does a Zener diode voltage regulator work?

Design method. Determination of the voltage, power of the zener diode and of the limiting resistor Rs

Voltage regulators

Voltage regulators (linear, switching) provide a stable and fixed voltage output to give energy to electronics circuits from an unregulated power source

The half-wave rectifier rectification process.

Polarization of semiconductor diode in the forward and in the reverse direction. Input and output waveforms

Capacitors in series – Capacitors in parallel.

How to obtain the equivalent capacitance of series capacitors and parallel capacitors? Formulas and examples

Series/Parallel Resistor Reduction.

Resistors reduction can be done making some simplifications using resistors in series and resistors in parallel formulas.

Inverting Summing Amplifier using Op Amp

The inverting summing amplifier using op amp outputs a voltage equal to the sum of the voltages it has in its inputs. The following explanation is based on an adder of three inputs, but applies to an adder of any number of inputs

Electrolytic Capacitor

Electrolytic capacitors have been developed to achieve large capacities in small physical dimensions. To achieve this large capacity, a special dielectric is used.

NAND gate – Truth table.

NAND gate, also called universal gate, is a gate that produces a logic “0” output only when all logic inputs are “1”. Truth table.

Mesh Current Method in a Resistor Network

The Mesh current method is very useful to know all the current  in a network of only resistors. This method, a little more extended, is also applied to circuits where there are resistances and reactance.

What is a Millman’s Theorem?

Millman’s theorem is used to directly obtain the voltage between the ends of a parallel branch circuit. Equivalent Millman circuit Formulas, example.

Window comparator using op amps

A window comparator using operational amplifiers lets you know if a signal (voltage level) is within or outside a previously defined acceptable voltage limit. Using a comparator or operational amplifier that controls the upper voltage level and another comparator that controls the lower voltage level, a window comparator can be implemented.

Push – Pull Amplifier

A Push – Pull amplifier is called that way, because it uses 2 groups of transistors and only one works at a time. One group pushes in one direction while the other pulls in another direction. Each group is responsible for amplifying a single phase of the input wave.