Voltage sources, whether batteries, generators, etc., are not ideal (perfect). A real voltage source is composed of an ideal voltage source in series with a resistance called internal resistance.

Current Limiter circuit for a Power Supply using a transistor and a resistor.

If the load current exceeds its maximum, an over current protection is needed

Many electronic circuits need a direct current (DC) voltage source, but what we commonly find are voltage sources of alternating current (AC). In order to achieve a direct current voltage source, the alternating current input must follow a conversion process.

This circuit is designed to be connected to a specific circuit because it can give a maximum and minimum possible electric current

Explanation of a transistorized voltage regulator. Zener diode and transistor voltage regulator circuit diagram

Design method. Determination of the voltage, power of the zener diode and of the limiting resistor Rs

Voltage regulators (linear, switching) provide a stable and fixed voltage output to give energy to electronics circuits from an unregulated power source

Types of cells / batteries. Primary batteries (non-rechargeable): Dry, mercury, alkaline. Secondary batteries (rechargeable): Nickel-Cadmium Alkaline, Lead

The electric current is a flow of electrons that flow through a conductor cable. Electrons are negatively charged, and like two magnets that we want to put together, negative side with negative side or positive side with positive side, they repel.